Understanding the Different Types of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. It begins in the skin cells after long-term damage, most often from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It does not always look dramatic.  Sometimes it is just a small change in the skin that refuses to heal. Understanding the type matters because each one behaves differently.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Basal cell carcinoma starts in the basal cells, which sit in the deepest layer of the outer skin (epidermis). It is the most common type of skin cancer. It usually appears on sun-exposed areas like the face, ears, scalp, neck, or shoulders.

You may notice:

• A pearly or shiny bump
• A pink growth
• A sore that heals and returns
• A flat scar-like patch

BCC grows slowly. It rarely spreads to distant organs. However, if ignored for years, it can grow deeper and damage nearby tissue and bone. Early removal usually cures it completely.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Squamous cell carcinoma starts in squamous cells, the majority constituents of the outer skin cover. It usually occurs in places that are exposed to sunshine, and may also occur in scars or chronic wounds.

Common signs include:

• A rough or scaly red patch
• A thickened or crusted lesion
• A sore that bleeds or does not heal

SCC is more likely to expand than BCC, particularly when it becomes large or when it remains untreated. Early diagnosis reduces the risk of complications.

Melanoma

Melanoma develops in melanocytes, which produce pigment (melanin). It is rarer and more violent. Melanoma may develop in lymph nodes and internal organs when not diagnosed at an early stage. There are warning signs in accordance with the ABCDE rule:

• Asymmetry
• Border irregularity
• Color variation
• Diameter larger than 6 mm
• Evolving (any change in size, shape, or color)

Melanoma may develop from an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot. When detected early, survival rates are very high. When diagnosed late, treatment becomes more complex.

Less common but serious types

Some rare skin cancers include:

• Merkel cell carcinoma
• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

These are uncommon but can grow quickly. Persistent or unusual skin changes should never be ignored.

Who is at higher risk?

Risk increases with:

• Long-term sun exposure
• History of sunburns
• Fair skin
• Family history of skin cancer
• Weakened immune system

Skin cancer can affect people of all skin tones, though risk levels vary.

When to seek medical advice

Consult a doctor if you notice:

• A spot that does not heal within 3–4 weeks.
• A mole that changes in color or shape.
• Unexplained bleeding from a skin lesion.
• A new growth that looks different from others.

Skin cancer often does not cause pain in the early stages. Waiting for discomfort can delay diagnosis.

Early detection changes outcomes

The majority of skin cancers are very curable in the early stages. Doing self-examination once a month will assist you in detecting changes early. Stand in good light. Examine your scalp, back, soles, and between fingers and toes. In case it does not appear like your normal pattern on the skin, have it checked. Watch minute details. They often carry the biggest meaning.