The focus usually shifts to DNA changes when we think about cancer. But DNA mutations aren’t always responsible for cancer. There can be many other reasons, and epigenetics refers to changes that cause cancer without any alterations in the DNA sequence. These changes are like switches that control your gene activity. These epigenetic changes can silence genes that normally protect your body from tumor growth.
How epigenetics affects cancer
Every cell in your body contains the same DNA, but not every gene is active at the same time. Epigenetics controls which of your genes are switched on or off. This allows cells to perform their specific function. But this system can go wrong when you are diagnosed with cancer, as the genes can go active and inactive on their own, randomly. A tumor suppressor. These changes do not alter your DNA sequence but can fuel your cancer growth.
Common epigenetic changes in cancer
Various epigenetic changes can contribute to the development and growth of cancer in your body. One of the changes is DNA methylation, where chemical tags are added to DNA. When these tags are attached to tumor-suppressor genes, they can silence the genes from carrying out their role. Another change is histone modification. Histones are proteins that help package DNA inside the cells. Changes to these genes can make them harder to access and effectively turn them on or off. These two changes alter gene activity and support the growth of cancer, even when the DNA sequence stays intact.
Can epigenetics be treated?
Some epigenetic changes can be reversible. A study published by The National Library of Medicine in September 2023 shows some therapies that can be used to treat epigenetics. These therapies aim to restore normal gene activity by targeting abnormal DNA methylation or other alterations. With these therapies, there is still hope for better care options to support your quality of life.
Looking beyond DNA
Epigenetics is helping doctors to understand that cancer can develop not only from changes in DNA but also from changes in how genes are switched on or off. With ongoing research and new treatments, doctors are able to create more personalized treatment plans to achieve better outcomes.